Exploring Theoretical Foundations and Data Collection Instruments in Design Thinking Methodology Through a Systematic Review

Abstract

Design Thinking (DT) is a rapidly emerging human-centered methodology aimed at encouraging creativity, innovation, and problem-solving in various fields. Nevertheless, fast adoption of DT has led to the emergence of a range of theoretical contradictions and inconsistencies with regard to the tools utilized for assessing DT practice. Such limitations reduce the possibility of cross-comparability and generalization of research findings. The goal of this study is to reveal and analyze the most prominent theoretical approaches and measurement instruments used in Design Thinking research in order to gain an insight into the existing methodology and facilitate future empirical studies. A systematic review has been conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies devoted to the topic and published during the period of 2015-2025 have been obtained from three major academic databases – Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO. A total of 19 studies were chosen for a thorough examination after going through the process of systematic search and eligibility screening. Three different reviewers were involved in conducting the process of study selection, data extraction and bias assessment with the use of bias assessment methods that have been widely used before. It is clear that there is much variation in terms of theories that have been adopted in these studies. There are 19 different conceptual frameworks identified among the chosen studies. Experiential Learning Theory was the most common one (8 papers, 24%), followed by Creativity Theory (5 papers, 15%) and Constructivism Theory (4 papers, 12%). In terms of the data collection instruments, questionnaires were the most commonly used ones, being used in 22% of cases. The second place is occupied by the semi-structured interviews (20%), with observation and workshops each being used in 12%, and focus groups in 10%. This review reveals the multi-disciplinary aspects of Design Thinking studies and the requirement for uniform theoretical models and validation tools in assessing the results of these studies in the future.